Chapter 01: The Science of the Mind

MULTIPLE CHOICE

	1.	Which of the following topics is NOT commonly studied within cognitive psychology?
a.	dreaming	c.	memory	
b.	decision making	d.	attention	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Scope of Cognitive Psychology
OBJ:	1.1	MSC:	Understanding		

	2.	Cognitive processes are NOT necessary for which daily activity?
a.	reading a newspaper	c.	talking on the phone	
b.	studying for a test	d.	breathing	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Scope of Cognitive Psychology
OBJ:	1.1	MSC:	Applying

	3.	Alyssa wants to be a psychologist but is unsure which topic within psychology most interests her. Which of the following topics would be LEAST likely to lead her into cognitive psychology?
a.	amnesia	c.	Lyme’s disease	
b.	language acquisition	d.	problem-solving strategies	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Scope of Cognitive Psychology
OBJ:	1.1	MSC:	Applying

	4.	The phrase “Betsy wants to bring Jacob a present. She shook her piggy bank” is easily understood by most people because
a.	our previous knowledge fills in the necessary details.	
b.	introspection allows us to understand how Betsy feels.	
c.	English is a simple language to understand.	
d.	the sentences are short.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Broad Role for Memory
OBJ:	1.1	MSC:	Understanding		

	5.	Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to apply to patient H.M.?
a.	“He cannot remember what he did earlier today, including events that took place just an hour ago.”	
b.	“He read this story last month, but he was still surprised by how the story turned out.”	
c.	“Even though he has encountered the nurse many times, he is still unable to recognize her.”	
d.	“He remembers emotional information, like the news of someone dying.”	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Scope of Cognitive Psychology
OBJ:	1.2	MSC:	Applying

	6.	H.M. provides an illustration for which major theme of the chapter?
a.	Introspection is not sufficient evidence in and of itself.	
b.	Cognition is interested in mental processes, as well as activities that depend on these processes.	
c.	Memory is not very important.	
d.	Damage to a small part of the brain can have a negligible effect on behavior.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Scope of Cognitive Psychology
OBJ:	1.2	MSC:	Evaluating

	7.	Patients suffering from clinical amnesia are characterized by a disorder in their
a.	memory.	
b.	ability to recognize patterns.	
c.	speech.	
d.	ability to comprehend language.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Amnesia and Memory Loss
OBJ:	1.2	MSC:	Remembering		

	8.	The phrase “fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me” would not apply to H.M. Why?
a.	H.M. was never fooled.	
b.	H.M. was incapable of learning.	
c.	H.M. was able to learn certain things, like if someone was lying to him.	
d.	H.M. values practical jokes.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	Amnesia and Memory Loss
OBJ:	1.2	MSC:	Evaluating

	9.	The term “introspection” refers to the
a.	process by which one individual seeks to infer the thoughts of another individual.	
b.	procedure of examining thought processing by monitoring the brain’s electrical activity.	
c.	process of each person looking within, to observe his or her own thoughts and ideas.	
d.	technique of studying thought by interpreting the symbols used in communication.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Limits of Introspection
OBJ:	1.3	MSC:	Remembering		

	10.	A participant is asked to look within himself or herself and report on his or her own mental processes. This method is called
a.	self-evaluation.	c.	introspection.	
b.	self-monitoring.	d.	mentalistic study.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Limits of Introspection
OBJ:	1.3	MSC:	Remembering		

	11.	Introspection CANNOT be used to study
a.	topics that are strongly colored by emotion.	
b.	mental events that are unconscious.	
c.	processes that involve conceptual knowledge.	
d.	events that take a long time to unfold.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Limits of Introspection
OBJ:	1.3	MSC:	Understanding		

	12.	Which of the following statements about introspection is FALSE?
a.	It is based on opinions, not facts.	
b.	It is subjective.	
c.	It provides strong evidence for hypothesis-testing.	
d.	It was an early form of evidence.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Limits of Introspection
OBJ:	1.3	MSC:	Understanding		

	13.	Genie wonders why she can never remember the names of new acquaintances. In search of an answer, she analyzes her mental behaviors and feelings about meeting new people. Genie is engaged in which process?
a.	subvocal rehearsal	c.	learning history analysis	
b.	introspection	d.	goal retrieval	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Limits of Introspection
OBJ:	1.3	MSC:	Applying

	14.	Introspection is considered the first step toward a science of cognitive psychology because
a.	it was the first systematic attempt to observe and record the content of mental processes.	
b.	interpretation of our mental lives requires training.	
c.	conscious events are just as important as unconscious events.	
d.	it provided the first testable claims.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Limits of Introspection
OBJ:	1.3	MSC:	Analyzing

	15.	Which of the following statements is NOT a concern about the use of introspection as a research tool?
a.	A verbal report based on introspection may provide a distorted picture of mental processes that were nonverbal in nature.	
b.	Different participants use different terms to describe similar experiences.	
c.	At present, there is enormous uncertainty about the relationship between the activity in the brain and the ideas and thoughts available to introspection.	
d.	Participants’ motivation may influence what they choose to disclose.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	The Limits of Introspection
OBJ:	1.3	MSC:	Evaluating

	16.	Which of the following statements provides the most serious obstacle to the use of introspection as a source of scientific evidence?
a.	When facts are provided by introspection, we have no way to assess the facts themselves, independent of the reporter’s particular perspective on them.	
b.	Introspection requires an alert, verbally expressive investigator; otherwise, the evidence provided by introspection will be of poor quality.	
c.	Introspection provides evidence about some mental events but cannot provide evidence about unconscious processes or ideas.	
d.	The process of reporting on one’s own mental events can take a lot of time and can slow down the processes under investigation.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	The Limits of Introspection
OBJ:	1.3	MSC:	Evaluating

	17.	In cognition, as in other sciences, we first develop ________ and then ________ them.
a.	tests; prove	c.	hypotheses; prove	
b.	theories; test	d.	hypotheses; test	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Limits of Introspection
OBJ:	1.3 | 1.4	MSC:	Understanding		

	18.	A behaviorist, like John Watson, is LEAST likely to believe which of the following statements?
a.	Our experiences influence our behaviors and our minds.	
b.	Children are a good source for data.	
c.	The mind is not amenable to scientific inquiry because it is not easily observed.	
d.	When it comes to collecting data, introspection is as valuable as behavior.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Years of Behaviorism
OBJ:	1.3 | 1.4	MSC:	Analyzing

	19.	Historically, the movement known as behaviorism was encouraged by scholars’ concerns regarding
a.	psychotherapy.	
b.	an exaggerated focus on participants’ responses.	
c.	research based on introspection.	
d.	a focus on brain mechanisms and a corresponding inattention to mental states.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Years of Behaviorism
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Understanding		

	20.	Behaviorists study organisms’
a.	expectations.	c.	dreams.	
b.	desires and motivations.	d.	responses.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Years of Behaviorism
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Remembering		

	21.	Behaviorists argued that ________ were most important in analyzing behavior.
a.	expectations	c.	wishes	
b.	beliefs	d.	learning histories	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Years of Behaviorism
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Remembering		

	22.	Which of the following would a classical behaviorist be LEAST likely to study?
a.	a participant’s response to a particular situation	
b.	a participant’s beliefs	
c.	changes in a participant’s behavior that follow changes in the environment	
d.	principles that apply equally to human behavior and to the behavior of other species	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Years of Behaviorism
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Applying

	23.	Modern psychology turned away from behaviorism in its classic form because
a.	human behavior is routinely determined by our understanding of stimuli.	
b.	humans are more similar to computers than to other species studied in the laboratory.	
c.	psychology rejected behaviorism’s emphasis on an organism’s subjective states.	
d.	an organism’s behavior can be changed by learning.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	The Years of Behaviorism
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Analyzing

	24.	If Sheila says, “Pass the salt, please,” you are likely to pass her the salt. You’ll probably respond in the same way if Sheila (a chemistry major) instead asks, “Could you please hand me the sodium chloride crystals?” This observation seems to indicate that our behavior is
a.	primarily controlled by the physical characteristics of the stimuli we encounter.	
b.	shaped by the literal meanings of the stimuli we encounter.	
c.	determined by simple associations among the stimuli we encounter.	
d.	governed by what the stimuli we encounter mean to us.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	The Years of Behaviorism
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Evaluating

	25.	The process of taking observable information and inferring a cause is known as
a.	mentalistic inference.	c.	cause and effect.	
b.	the transcendental method.	d.	introspection.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Roots of the Cognitive Revolution
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Remembering		

	26.	One important difference between classical behaviorism and cognitive psychology is that cognitive psychology
a.	argues that unobservable mental states can be scientifically studied.	
b.	rejects the use of human participants.	
c.	insists on studying topics that can be directly and objectively observed.	
d.	emphasizes the evolutionary roots of human behavior.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Roots of the Cognitive Revolution
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Analyzing

	27.	Cognitive psychology often relies on the transcendental method, in which
a.	mental events are explained by referring to events in the central nervous system.	
b.	information from introspection transcends behavioral data.	
c.	researchers seek to infer the properties of unseen events on the basis of the observable effects of those events.	
d.	theories are tested via computer models.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Roots of the Cognitive Revolution
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Remembering		

	28.	The philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences. A commonplace example of such an inference is a
a.	physicist inferring what the attributes of the electron must be on the basis of visible effects that it causes.	
b.	computer scientist inferring what the attributes of a program must be on the basis of his or her long-range goals for the program’s functioning.	
c.	biologist inferring how an organism is likely to behave in the future on the basis of assessment of past behaviors.	
d.	behaviorist inferring how a behavior was learned on the basis of a deduction from well-established principles of learning.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Roots of the Cognitive Revolution
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Analyzing

	29.	Cognitive psychologists try to make inferences about causes, based on the observed effects. In this way, cognitive psychologists are most like
a.	crime scene investigators.	c.	chefs.	
b.	garbage collectors.	d.	construction workers.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Roots of the Cognitive Revolution
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Applying

	30.	The “cognitive revolution” is named as such because:
a.	the focus changed from behaviors to the processes underlying those behaviors.	
b.	the change was accompanied by violence.	
c.	the focus changed from animals to humans.	
d.	philosophers such as Kant were strongly opposed to the change.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Roots of the Cognitive Revolution
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Understanding		

	31.	The multicomponent model of working memory shows that
a.	cognitive theories must be accompanied by a model.	
b.	we can only test things we can physically see.	
c.	theories are built around testable predictions.	
d.	evidence from multiple sources often leads to confusion.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Roots of the Cognitive Revolution
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Understanding		

	32.	Subvocalization is also known as
a.	the reading buffer.	c.	the inner ear.	
b.	the inner voice.	d.	memory speech.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Working Memory: A Proposal
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Remembering		

	33.	The technical term for talking to oneself when rehearsing verbal material is
a.	vocal memory.	c.	subvocalization.	
b.	schizophrenia.	d.	subconscious reading.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Working Memory: A Proposal
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Remembering		

	34.	Within the working-memory system, mental “assistants” are available to allow the storage of information soon to be needed but not currently in use. A crucial “scratch pad” is the
a.	output buffer.	c.	response-planning system.	
b.	executive assistant.	d.	articulatory rehearsal loop.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Working Memory: A Proposal
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Remembering		

	35.	In using the articulatory rehearsal loop, the central executive temporarily relies on storage in
a.	a phonological buffer.	c.	a subvocal bank.	
b.	episodic memory.	d.	a visual form in visual memory.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Working Memory: A Proposal
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Remembering		

	36.	Working memory acts to
a.	store an unlimited amount of information.	
b.	store a limited amount of information for an unlimited amount of time.	
c.	keep relevant information active for a short period of time.	
d.	store irrelevant information so it does not influence long-term memory.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Working Memory: Some Initial Observations
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Remembering		

	37.	Span tests measure
a.	the size of the phonological buffer.	
b.	working-memory capacity.	
c.	whether there is a central executive.	
d.	articulatory loop processing.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Working Memory: Some Initial Observations
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Remembering		

	38.	In an experimental procedure, participants hear a sequence of letters and then, a moment later, are required to repeat back the sequence. The longest sequence for which participants can easily do this is likely to contain approximately ________ letters.
a.	3	c.	7	
b.	5	d.	12	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Working Memory: Some Initial Observations
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Remembering		

	39.	You give your friend a series of lists of letters to remember. With each perfectly recalled list, you increase the list length by one or two items, until he begins to make errors. This sort of test examines
a.	working-memory span.	c.	brain activity.	
b.	the limits of concurrent articulation.	d.	memory for abstract objects.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Working Memory: Some Initial Observations
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Applying

	40.	Imagine a friend is giving you her new phone number. You have nothing with which to write the number down, so you try to remember it. Which cognitive process will you engage in to accomplish this task?
a.	amnesia	c.	introspection	
b.	long-term memory	d.	working memory	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Working Memory: Some Initial Observations
OBJ:	1.5 | 1.8	MSC:	Applying

	41.	Consider the sentence, “Sam, tired from hours of reading and working on his term paper, fell into bed at last.” When you reach the sentence’s 13th word (“fell”), you need to remember how the sentence began; otherwise, you won’t know who fell into bed. The memory used for this task is called ________ memory.
a.	episodic	c.	generic	
b.	working	d.	long-term	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Working Memory: Some Initial Observations
OBJ:	1.5 | 1.8	MSC:	Applying

	42.	You want to order a pizza and need to pay with a credit card. You glance at your credit card number and then put the card back into your wallet. When it comes time to pay, you can only remember the first four numbers. Which of the following provides the best explanation as to why?
a.	Working memory is limited to 15 items, and your card has 16 digits.	
b.	Your credit card number is mostly fours and twos and you get confused.	
c.	The pizza delivery guy keeps talking while you are rehearsing the digits.	
d.	Working-memory capacity is reduced because you have to hold the phone.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Working Memory: Some Initial Observations
OBJ:	1.5 | 1.8	MSC:	Applying

	43.	Someone who is born deaf is likely to encounter working memory errors if the sign for a given word
a.	is too complicated.	
b.	is similar to another sign for another word.	
c.	has more than ten letters.	
d.	has been seen recently.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.5 | 1.8	MSC:	Applying

	44.	A participant hears the sequence “F, D, P, U, G, Q, R,” and then, a moment later, must repeat the sequence aloud. If errors occur in this procedure, they are likely to involve
a.	sound-alike confusions, for example, “T ” instead of “D.”	
b.	look-alike confusions, for example, “O ” instead of “Q.”	
c.	confusions with near neighbors in the alphabet, for example, “G ” instead of “F.”	
d.	confusions because of strong associations, for example, “I ” instead of “Q ” because of the familiarity of “IQ.”	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Working Memory: A Proposal
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Applying

	45.	Finish the analogy: boss is to worker as ________ is to phonological buffer.
a.	scratch pad	c.	articulatory loop	
b.	central executive	d.	cognition	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	Working Memory: A Proposal
OBJ:	1.6	MSC:	Analyzing

	46.	We know the articulatory rehearsal loop is separate from the other components of working memory because
a.	the multicomponent model is true.	
b.	manipulations like concurrent articulation compromise the loop but do not affect the other components.	
c.	it is used for storage and the other components are not.	
d.	problem solving does not require the rehearsal loop.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	Evidence for the Working-Memory System
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Evaluating

	47.	Theorists have proposed that working memory is best understood as a system involving multiple components. The activities of this system are controlled by a resource called the
a.	buffer.	c.	central processor.	
b.	supervisor.	d.	central executive.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Evidence for the Working-Memory System
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Remembering		

	48.	The task of saying, “tah, tah, tah,” while taking a span test to assess working memory is known as
a.	concurrent articulation.	c.	subvocalization.	
b.	working-memory speech.	d.	the phonological buffer.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	Evidence for the Working-Memory System
OBJ:	1.6	MSC:	Remembering		

	49.	Participants in an experiment are shown a series of digits and then asked to repeat them back a moment later. While being shown the sequence, the participants are required to say, “tah, tah, tah,” out loud, over and over again. The evidence indicates that the recitation of “tah, tah, tah” will
a.	have no effect on participants’ memory performance.	
b.	provide a rhythm that helps organize participants’ rehearsal of the digits, thereby improving their memory performance.	
c.	block participants from using their inner voices to rehearse the digits, thereby interfering with the memory task.	
d.	force participants to rely on the central executive rather than on a less powerful lower-level assistant, thereby improving memory performance.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Evidence for the Working-Memory System
OBJ:	1.6	MSC:	Understanding		

	50.	Participants are shown a series of complex shapes (that are not easily named) and asked to draw them from memory after they have been taken away. Which of the following statements about this exercise is true?
a.	On average, participants can correctly draw ten of the shapes from memory.	
b.	Participants can use the process of subvocalization to help them remember the shapes.	
c.	Concurrent articulation decreases performance dramatically.	
d.	Saying, “tah, tah, tah,” out loud while doing this task should not affect performance.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	Evidence for the Working-Memory System
OBJ:	1.6	MSC:	Analyzing

	51.	Bert has sustained damage to a part of his left temporal lobe, which is important for language production. Which of the following problems would we expect to see if Bert were given a WM test?
a.	He would not be able to memorize visual shapes.	
b.	He would have difficulty rehearsing items with verbal labels.	
c.	His WM would be entirely nonexistent.	
d.	No WM problems would be observed.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	Evidence for the Working-Memory System
OBJ:	1.6 | 1.8	MSC:	Applying

	52.	An elderly woman has suffered a stroke in her left temporal lobe and consequently can no longer name common nouns. This provides evidence that language is located in the left hemisphere for most people. What kind of evidence is this?
a.	introspection	c.	neuroscience	
b.	unique population	d.	behavioral	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Applying

	53.	Which of the following kinds of evidence is LEAST likely to be used in cognitive psychology?
a.	case studies of patients with brain damage	
b.	behavioral findings such as response times	
c.	brain activity in the form of fMRI	
d.	self-reported dreams	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Analyzing

	54.	Even though the articulatory loop cannot be seen directly, we are confident it exists because
a.	it is the only possible explanation.	
b.	without it, we could not remember phone numbers.	
c.	people with anarthria show deficits in the phonological buffer.	
d.	behavioral manipulations, like articulatory suppression, suggest it is a distinct component.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Analyzing

	55.	Which of the following is NOT central to research in neuropsychology?
a.	the use of introspection	
b.	how brain dysfunctions affect performance	
c.	brain development	
d.	brain-imaging technology	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Understanding		

	56.	Evidence from anarthric (speechless) patients suggests that
a.	the muscles necessary for speech are also needed for subvocalization.	
b.	subvocalization does not use words.	
c.	the muscles needed for speech are not needed for subvocalization.	
d.	these patients are unable to subvocalize.	

ANS:	C	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Understanding		

	57.	Recent developments in brain-imaging technology can help us in cognitive psychology. For example, we can now tell exactly which parts of the brain are especially engaged in working-memory rehearsal. These techniques are the central sources of data for
a.	modeling.	c.	developmental imaging.	
b.	neuropsychology.	d.	cognitive neuroscience.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Remembering		

	58.	Evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests that subvocalization is most closely related to
a.	speaking out loud, because the same muscles are used.	
b.	remembering a feeling.	
c.	visual imagery.	
d.	planning to speak, because some of the same brain regions are active, as in normal speech planning.	

ANS:	D	DIF:	Difficult	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Understanding		

	59.	Cognitive psychology relies on evidence from multiple domains (behavioral, neuroscience, trauma, etc.) because
a.	we cannot see the cognitive processes directly.	
b.	all evidence is good evidence.	
c.	converging evidence provides additional opportunities for predictions.	
d.	other sciences require evidence from many places.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Easy	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Understanding		

	60.	Working memory provides one example of how
a.	important memory is to cognition.	
b.	cognitive processes are essential to most daily tasks.	
c.	children develop memory.	
d.	we could not function without a multicomponent system.	

ANS:	B	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Working Memory in a Broader Context
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Analyzing

	61.	It is important to gather evidence from several sources because
a.	alternative explanations for any single piece of evidence could exist.	
b.	it is easier to explain a lot of data, relative to a little data.	
c.	a single study is likely to be decisive.	
d.	people often make mistakes.	

ANS:	A	DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.7	MSC:	Analyzing

ESSAY

	1.	You’ve just ordered your lunch and are waiting for your food to be delivered when your friend Jill says “I don’t understand why you would need to take a whole class on cognitive psychology. It doesn’t seem that important to our everyday lives.” Describe to Jill all the ways she will rely on cognitive processing during this meal.

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	The Scope of Cognitive Psychology		
OBJ:	1.1	MSC:	Creating

	2.	Describe the case of H.M. What does his story tell us about the role that memory plays in our sense of self?

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Amnesia and Memory Loss	OBJ:	1.2
MSC:	Analyzing

	3.	Compare and contrast the introspection, behaviorist, and cognitive approaches to studying mental activities. Which approach do you find most compelling, and why?

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	The Cognitive Revolution	OBJ:	1.3 | 1.4
MSC:	Evaluating

	4.	Mikey is four years old and has begun acting out. Every time he throws a tantrum, his mother rushes over to console him. In analyzing this behavior, what sort of factors would most interest a behaviorist? On what factors would a cognitive psychologist using the transcendental method focus? What conclusions will each psychologist reach?

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	The Years of Behaviorism | The Roots of the Cognitive Revolution
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Applying

	5.	Despite the fact that we cannot see (with the naked eye) mental activity, cognitive psychologists are able to scientifically study these processes. Explain why this is possible by describing Kantian logic. Next, provide at least three measureable variables and explain why they could be reliably used as proxies for mental behavior.

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Moderate	REF:	The Roots of the Cognitive Revolution	
OBJ:	1.4	MSC:	Understanding		

	6.	Imagine you are trying to memorize a new phone number. How would Baddeley and Hitch explain the process by which this would occur?

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Working Memory: A Proposal	OBJ:	1.5
MSC:	Applying

	7.	Dr. Mnemonic conducted a study in which neural activity was measured (with fMRI) while participants were presented with either digits or abstract images to memorize. He found that the left temporal lobe was active when the digits were presented, and the right parietal lobe was active for the abstract images. Interpret these results in terms of the multicomponent model. Does it support this model or refute it? Why?

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Difficult	REF:	The Nature of the Working-Memory Evidence
OBJ:	1.5	MSC:	Evaluating

	8.	Describe how cognitive psychologists arrive at knowledge by answering the following questions about working memory (WM). 
a. Describe the multicomponent model of WM. 
b. What is anarthria? What are the implications of this disorder for the multicomponent model of WM? 
c. Describe one other source of knowledge, besides special populations, that can be used to evaluate the multicomponent model of WM.

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Working Memory: A Proposal	OBJ:	1.5 | 1.7
MSC:	Applying

	9.	Imagine you are briefly presented with, and asked to memorize, the following letters for an immediate recall test: Q, R, T, B, O, W, A. How would you go about remembering those items? (Make sure you use appropriate terminology.) Now, imagine that you are given the same memory task but asked to say the word “the” while the letters are being presented. How would this second condition influence your mental behavior? What effect would it have on your performance?

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Easy	REF:	Evidence for the Working-Memory System	
OBJ:	1.6	MSC:	Understanding		

	10.	Think of a real-world situation in which you would rely on working memory. Describe the situation and at least one real-world factor that would affect (positively or negatively) your working memory in that situation. Create your own example and do not use one that was discussed in the book or in class.

ANS:	
Answers will vary.

DIF:	Moderate	REF:	Working Memory in a Broader Context	
OBJ:	1.8	MSC:	Creating